Which organelle is responsible for breaking down cell waste?

Lysosomes are the organelles specifically responsible for breaking down cell waste. They contain digestive enzymes that help in degrading various biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This process is essential for cellular maintenance and recycling of materials, preventing the buildup of waste within the cell. By processing these materials, lysosomes help ensure that the cell functions efficiently and maintains a healthy internal environment.

The other organelles listed have different functions. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in protein synthesis and modification due to its ribosome-studded surface. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for further modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids that have been synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, housing the genetic material and coordinating activities such as cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Therefore, lysosomes are uniquely suited for the role of waste breakdown, making them vital for cellular health.