How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

Meiosis contributes to genetic variation primarily through two stages of genetic recombination, specifically during the processes known as crossing over and independent assortment.

During the prophase I stage of meiosis, homologous chromosomes come together and can exchange segments of genetic material through crossing over. This exchange creates new combinations of genes that are different from those present in the parent organisms. As a result, the gametes produced at the end of meiosis contain unique genetic information, which is essential for genetic variation in sexually reproducing populations.

Furthermore, meiosis includes independent assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I. This means that the distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into the gametes occurs randomly. Because each parent can contribute different combinations of chromosomes, this further enhances genetic variability among offspring.

The other choices do not accurately capture the role of meiosis in creating diversity. Producing identical daughter cells reflects the process of mitosis rather than meiosis, while duplicating chromosomes is part of the preparatory phase prior to meiosis and does not directly contribute to genetic variation itself. Cellular respiration is a metabolic process unrelated to chromosomal behavior and genetic diversity.